hydroquinone 4%
Selected indexed studies
- The effectiveness and safety of 3% tranexamic acid cream vs. 4% hydroquinone cream for mixed-type melasma in skin of color: a double-blind, split-face, randomized controlled trial. (Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat, 2024) [PMID:38918942]
- Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Serum Containing Niacinamide, Tranexamic Acid, Vitamin C, and Hydroxy Acid Compared to 4% Hydroquinone in the Management of Melasma. (J Cosmet Dermatol, 2025) [PMID:40062688]
- Split-face comparison of hydroquinone 4% plus nitrogen plasma vs. hydroquinone 4% alone in the treatment of melasma. (Lasers Med Sci, 2023) [PMID:37103690]
_Worker-drafted node — pending editorial review._
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Sources
- Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Serum Containing Niacinamide, Tranexamic Acid, Vitamin C, and Hydroxy Acid Compared to 4% Hydroquinone in the Management of Melasma. (2025) pubmed
- Hydroquinone: myths and reality. (2021) pubmed
- The effectiveness and safety of 3% tranexamic acid cream vs. 4% hydroquinone cream for mixed-type melasma in skin of color: a double-blind, split-face, randomized controlled trial. (2024) pubmed
- Split-face comparison of hydroquinone 4% plus nitrogen plasma vs. hydroquinone 4% alone in the treatment of melasma. (2023) pubmed
- O-H/N-H bond dissociation energies in 1,4-hydroquinone, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine, N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, and their phenoxyl and aminyl radicals. (2025) pubmed
- Split-Face Comparison of an Advanced Non-Hydroquinone Lightening Solution to 4% Hydroquinone. (2016) pubmed
- Enhancement of the depigmenting effect of hydroquinone and 4-hydroxyanisole by all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin): the impairment of glutathione-dependent cytoprotection? (2003) pubmed
- Efficacy of overnight leave-on sandwich therapy with 5% cysteamine and ectoine cream compared to hydroquinone 4% cream for treatment of melasma: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. (2025) pubmed
- Combination of autologous platelet rich plasma and hydroquinone 4% is more effective than hydroquinone alone in treatment of melasma: A split-face comparative study. (2022) pubmed
- Antimicrobial Mechanism of Hydroquinone. (2019) pubmed